The Psychology of Learning Environments

This module provides a foundational introduction to the concept of the learning environment in school settings, drawing on key theories from educational and social psychology. It examines how students experience classrooms not only as instructional spaces, but as complex relational, emotional, and systemic contexts that shape their engagement, development, and well-being. Through a critical exploration of frameworks such as Moos’ seminal theory of human environments, Fraser’s learning environment dimensions, the Te Kura Tapa Wha model, Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, psychological safety theory, and Darling-Hammond’s science of learning and development (SoLD) model, students will analyse how social processes, institutional norms, and relational dynamics interact to influence the tone and quality of classroom life. The module pays particular attention to the affective and interpersonal climate of the classroom, exploring how emotional safety, teacher-student relationships, peer cohesion, and systemic influences impact students’ sense of belonging and ability to participate. Students will engage with research and practice that foregrounds student voice and perception as essential to understanding learning environments. The module concludes by exploring approaches to measuring and evaluating learning environments using student feedback, classroom observation tools, and theory-informed reflection.